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Student notes go in the space below, you may need to reduce the font size before you past it here ** A thesis statement: ** · The fundamental measurements of a quake are intensity and magnitude, · Intensity is a measure of the degree of the earthquake shaking at a given locale based on the amount of damage. · Magnitude is the estimated amount of energy released at the source of the earthquake. · The Modified Mercalli Scale was an earthquake intensity measuring scale that used California buildings as its standard to compare damage and estimate the strength of a quake. · The Richter Scale is based on the amplitude of the largest seismic wave recorded on a seismogram. · Moment magnitude is calculated in different ways the most common being by examining seismograms and very long period seismic waves. · Moment magnitudes are better for describing large quakes. || ||< * When earthquake data was plotted,several observations were seen like definite patterns. Measuring Earthquakes Intensity Scales Magnitude Scales Moment Magnitude 95% energy released originates in relativly narrow zones path along outer edge of pacific ocean = circum- pacific belt
 * ~ Student Name ||~  ||
 * <  ||< == ==
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 * < Ariana Anclam ||< ** EARTHQUAKE DEPTHS **
 * Earthquakes begin at depths ranging from 5 to 700 km.
 * Quakes that are within 70 km are said to be shallow quakes.
 * Quakes that are between 70 and 300 km are called intermediate.
 * Quakes that are greater that 300 km are classified as deep quakes.
 * 90% of all quakes happen at less than 100 km.
 * The most damaging quakes occur at shallow depths.
 * The depth of a focus point of an earthquake increases with increasing distance from deep ocean trenches.
 * Seismic regions where foci depth increases landward away from trenches are called Wadati- Benioff zones.
 * MEASURING THE SIZE OF EARTHQUAKES **
 * INTENSITY SCALES **
 * MAGNITUDE SCALES **
 * < Rita Baturin
 * Earthquakes that occur along the oceanic ridge system have usually had shallow focuses but none are very strong.
 * It was said that all the deep-focus earthquakes occurred in the circum-pacific belt.
 * The Seismic regions were called **Wadati-Benioff zones**, and scientists studied them.
 * Intensity and magnitude were two different measures for seismologists to determine the size of an earthquake.
 * **Intensity** is the measure of the degree if earthquake shaking at a given locale based on the amount of damage.
 * **Magnitude** is a calculation used to estimate the amount of energy released at the source of the earthquake.
 * //Giuseppe Mercalli// developed a reliable intensity scale which is still used today. It was called the **Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale** and was used to estimate the strength of an earthquake.
 * //Charles Richter// developed the first magnitude scale using the seismic records to estimate the relative sizes of earthquakes.It was called the **Richter Scale** and it was based on the amplitude of the largest seismic wave recorded on the seismogram. He also developed a method that accounted for the decrease in a wave amplitude w/ inscreased distance.
 * Scientists tried to find more precise measures called **Moment Magnitude** which can be used to calculate different techniques. It can calculate the average amont of displacement along the fault, the area of the rupture surface and the strength of the faulted rock. ||
 * < Jessica Berk ||< Earthquake Depths
 * originate from depths of 5 -700 km.
 * a shallow earthquake is classified as 70km or less.
 * an intermediate earthquake is classified as 70 -300 km
 * a deep earthquake is classified as 300 km or more.
 * Intensity- it's the measurement of the degree of earthquake shaking based of the damage.
 * Magnitude- known based on information provided by the energy released at the source of the earthquake.
 * These both give information to determine the size of a quake.
 * The Mercalli Scale - this scale is used to figure out how severe an earthquake was by being expressed in Roman Numerals, I being low and XII being very high.
 * Richter Scale- a scale to express the seismic energy released by each earthquake. A range from less that 3.5 being low to over 8 being high.
 * Used to determine precise measures calculated by seismograms. ||
 * < Kevork Boyadjian ||<  ||
 * < Cassidy Burns ||< = Earthquake Belts =

Earthquake Depth *earthquakes originate at depths from5 to 700km __ *shallow- __ 70km of surface or less __ *intermediate- __ 70-300km __ *deep __ - bigger than 300km observances=usually generate around oceanic ridge system=shallow -deep focus earthquakes occured in circum-pacific belts = Measuring Size of Earthquakes = Intensity- is the measure of degree of earthquake shaking @ given local based on amt of damage magnitude-is something relies on calculations that use data provided by seismic records to estimate amt of energy released @ source of earthquake both of them provide info about strength of earthquake = Intensity Scales = study of earthquake severity and the scales considered the damage that would be done Giuseppe Mercalli made scale ( modified mercalli intesnsity scale) = Magnitude Scales = = Richter Mag-used seismic records to estimate the relactive sizes of earthquakes = based on amplitude of largest seismic waverecorded on a seismograph = Moment Magnitude = -used to identify precise measures readily calculated from seismograms values obtained so that small, moderate earthquakes equivelent to Richter magnatude || · Intensity and magnitude describe the size of an earthquake. · **Intensity**- a measure of the degree of earthquake shaking at a given locale based on the amount of damage. · **Magnitude**- estimates the amount of energy released at the source of an earthquake. ||< * range of earthquake depth is anywhere between 5-700km -earthquakes originate @ depths from5 to 700km -earthquakes classified by depth of occurence -__shallow-__ w/in 70km of surface -__intermediate-__ 70-300km -__deep__- bigger than 300km observances= usually generate around oceanic ridge system=shallow -deep focus earthquakes occured in circum-pacific belts -foci depths increase w/ increasing distances from deep ocean trenches Intensity- measure of degree of earthquake shaking @ given local based on amt of damage magnitude- relies on calculations that use data provided by seismic records to estimate amt of energy released @ source of earthquake both- provide info about strength of earthquake -made to standardize study of earthquake severity -the scales considered the damage that would be done -Giuseppe Mercalli made scale callled modified mercalli intesnsity scale -Richter Mag-used seismic records to estimate the relactive sizes of earthquakes -based on amplitude of largest seismic waverecorded on a seismograph -used to identify precise measures. || -earthquakes are generated along oceanic ridge system and always has a shallow focus. -I__ntensity- a measure of gegree of earthquake shaking at a given locale baesed on the amount of damage. Magnitude-__ relies on calculations that use data provided by seismic records to estimate amount of energy released at the source of the earthquake. __Modified mercalli scale-__estimate the strength of an earthquake. the scale ranges from a 1 to a 12, 12 being the strongest. Rictor scale-based on amplitude of the largest seismic wave recorded on the scale. richter uses logarithmic scale to express magnitude, where a tenfold increase in wave amplitude corresponds to increase in magnitude. moment magnitude- is calculated by using several techniques. Also moment magnitude can be readily calculated from seismogrmas by examining very long period siesmic waves. || - All deep-focus earthquakes occurred at the circum-Pacific belt. - Foci depths increase with increasing distance from deep-ocean trenches. - **Wadati-Benioff zones** dip at an average angle of about 45 degrees to the surface. - Intensity and magnitude describe the size of an earthquake. - **Intensity** is a measure of the degree of earthquake shaking at a given locale based on the amount of damage. - **Magnitude** relies on calculations that use data provided by seismic records to estimate the amount of energy released at the source of the quake. - **Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale** is used to estimate the strength of an earthquake. - Charles Richter developed the first magnitude scale using seismic records to estimate relative sizes of earthquakes. - The **Richter Scale** is based on the amplitude of the largest seismic wave recorded on a seismograph. - **Moment Magnitude** is a more precise method at acquiring the magnitude of an earthquake. || 3. 1902, Giuseppe Mercalli had developed a relatively reliable intensity scale, which is called the **Modified Mercalli Intensity scale**. 4. Intensity scales have severe drawbacks. Intensity scales are based on effects of earthquakes that depend not only on the severity of ground shaking but also on the factors such as population denisty, building design, and the nature of surface materials. 1. in 1935, Charles Richter developed the first magnitude scale using seismic records to estimate the relative sizes of earthquakes called the **Richter Scale.** 2. Largest magnitude recorded was 8.9. 3. In recent years seismologists have been employing a more precise measurement called moment magnitude. 4. The moment magnitude can be readily calculated from seismographs by examining very long periods of seismic waves. || ​ * Earhtquakes originate from depths ranging from 5 to 700 kilometes. __**Measuring Earthquake**__ Earthquake can be measured in two different way yo measure size of earthquake Intesity and magnitude. Intensity measures degree of earthquake shaking at a given locale based on the amount of damage. Magnitude depends on the data of seismic records.
 * earthquakes classified by depth of occurence
 * < Sumi Cha ||< **__Measuring the Size of Earthquakes__**
 * two different way to measure the size of an earthquake- intensity and magnitude
 * __Intensity Scales__**
 * a measure of the degree of earthquake shaking at a given locale based on the amount of damage
 * 1902, Giuseppe Mercalli developed a relatively reliable intensity scale
 * the modified version of it, Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale, was developed using California buildings as its standard, but it is appropruate for use throughout most of the U.S and Canada to estimate the strength of an earthquake
 * intensity scales are based on effects of eathquakes that depend not only on the severity of ground shaking but also on factors such as population density, building design, and the nature of surface materials
 * __Magnitude Scales__**
 * In 1935 Charles Richter of the California Institute of Technology developed the first magnitude scale using seismic records to estimate the relative sizes of earthquakes
 * Richter scale is based on the amplitude of the largest seismic wave recorded on a seismogram
 * since seismic waves weaken as the distance between the earthquake focus and the seismograph increases, Richter developed a method that accounted for the decrease in wave amplitufe with increased distance
 * Richter used a logarithmic scale to express magnitufe, where a tenfold increase in wave amplitufe corresponds to an increase of 1 on the magnitude scale
 * Richter magnitude was designed to stude nearby earthquakes and is denoted by the symbol ML- where M is for magnitude and L is for local
 * __Moment Magnitude__**
 * seismologists have been emlpuing a more precise measure called moment magnitude, which can be calculated using several techniques
 * one method is by calculating from field studies using a combination of factors that include the average amount od displacement along the fault, the area of the rupture surface, and the shear strength of the faulted rock- a measure of how much strain energy a rock can store before it suddenly slips and releases this energy in the form of an earthquake
 * also can be readily calculated from seismograms by examining very long period seismic waves
 * moment magnitude has gained wide acceptance among seismologists and engineers because:
 * 1) it is the only magnitude scale that estimates adequately the size of very large earthquakes
 * 2) it is a measure that can be derived mathematically from the size of the rupture surface and the amount of displacement
 * 3) it can be verified by two independent methouds- field studies that are based on measurements of fault displacement and by seismographic methods using long period waves ||
 * < Stacey Cherukara ||< Homework Notes Pages 305-309
 * Earthquake Depths **
 * Earthquakes originate at depths ranging from 5-700 kilometers.
 * Earthquakes with points of origin within 70 kilometers of the surface are shallow.
 * Ones that are between 70-300 km are intermediate and that with a focus greater than 300 km is deep.
 * **Wadati –Benioff Zones-** the narrow zone of inclined seismic activity that extends from a trench downward into the asthenosphere.
 * Measuring the Size of Earthquakes **
 * Intensity Scales **
 * The first attempt to “scientifically” describe the aftermath of an earthquake came after the great Italian earthquake in 1857. By systematically mapping effects of an earthquake, measure of the strength and distribution of ground movement was established. Identified equal and zones of intensity.
 * **Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale**- used to estimate the strength of an earthquake. Based on effects of earthquakes depending on severity of ground shaking, population density, building design, nature of surface materials.
 * Magnitude Scales **
 * **Richter Scale**- 1935 Charles Richter of California Institute of Technology developed first magnitude scale using seismic records to estimate the relative sizes of earthquakes.
 * **Moment Magnitude**-more precise method of acquiring magnitude of an earthquake.   ||
 * < Patrick Dymora ||<  ||
 * < Alex Elizalde ||<  ||
 * < Joana Espinoza ||<  ||
 * < John Carlos Garcia ||< * Intensity- measure of earthquake by degrees at a given base.
 * Magnitude-uses data and calculations provided by a seismic records and estimate amount of energy realeased.
 * Richter Scale- is amplitude of the largest wave on seismograph.
 * Devolped in 1935 by Charles Richter.
 * Modified Mercallin Intensity Scale- used to estimate the strength of an earthquake.
 * Devolped using California bulidings.
 * Moment Magnitude-more precise method of accuring magnitude of an earthquake. ||
 * < Eoanna Giannakopoulos
 * seimoslogist have different ways of mesurments that describes the size
 * one methid is intensity-measure of degree of earthquake shaking at a given locale base
 * magnitude relies on calculations
 * intensity scale deveoplment was in 1902 by mercallin
 * it standard was california building
 * ritcher scae inveted by charels ritcher in 1935 ||
 * < Gil Laksmi ||< **Earthquake Depth**
 * Measuring Size of Earthquakes**
 * Intensity Scales**
 * Magnitude Sclaes**
 * Moment Magnitude**
 * < Megan Harford ||<  ||
 * < Eman Issaghi ||< -About 90 percent of all earthquakes occur at debths less then 100 km.
 * < Alfred Kachow ||< - Earthquakes occur at depths ranging from 5 to 700 km.
 * < Adriana Lukovic ||< **A. Measuring the Size of Earthquakes**
 * 1. intensity-** a measure of the degree of earthquake shaking at a given locale based on the amount of damage.
 * 2. magnitude**- relies on calculations that use data provided by seismic records.
 * B. Magnitude Scales**
 * < Ivan Marin ||< **__//=====//__**Earthquake Depths //__**=====**__//
 * < Eric Mason ||<  ||
 * < Hardik Patel ||< The Earthquake orignates at depth ranging 5 to 700 km.
 * < Hardik Patel ||< The Earthquake orignates at depth ranging 5 to 700 km.

Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale has 12 different # to measure the intensity of the earthqake. Magnitude Scale compares earthquake across the globe. Richter scale based on the amplitude of the largest s wave recorded on seismogram. Moment Magnitude can be calculated using several techniques. Magnitude of earthquake releases energy which is measured in Ergs. || Evidence from seismic records reveal that earthquakes originate at depths ranging from 5 to about 700km. Land with points of origin within 70km of the surface are considered shallow land withn points of origin within 70 and 300km are considered intermediate Lands with a focus greater than 300km consided deep Measuring the size of earthquakes intensity- measure of the degree of earthquake shaking at a given locale based on the amount of damage magnitude-relies on calculations that use data provided by seismic records to estimate the amount of energy released at the source of the earthquake Intensity Scales Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale Magnitude Scale Richter Magnitude-1935 Charles Richter of the California Institute of Technology develops the first magnitude scale using seismic records to estimate the relative sizes of earthquakes Richter Scake- based on amplitude if the largest seismic wave recorded on a seismogram Moment Magnitude-more precise measurement; can be calculated using several techniques. one method = field studies ||
 * < Silviu Pavel ||< * **__Earthquake Depths__**
 * Earthquakes occur at depths between 5-700km
 * Shallow land is between 70km from the surface.
 * Intermediate land is between 70-300km.
 * Deep land is 300km below or lower.
 * __**Measuring earthquakes**__
 * Intensity- measure of the degree of earthquake shaking at a given locale based on the amount of damage.
 * Magnitude**-** relies on calculations that use data provided by seismic records to estimate the amount of energy released at the source of the earthquake.
 * **__Intensity Scales__**
 * Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale- a scale used for measuring the intensity of an earthquake with roman numerals. (I II III IV)
 * Magnitude Scale- assigns a single number to quantify the amount of seismic energy released by an earthquake.
 * Richter Scale- is amplitude of the largest wave on seismograph. which was made by Charles Ricter in 1935. ||
 * < Matt Perchess ||< Earthquake Depths
 * < Ryan Serpa ||<  ||
 * < Danny Ward ||<  ||