Notes,+3+pictures+and+captions+from+pgs.+87-95

Please post three images and the captions for the images and the notes from pages 87-95 in the far right column of the chart.


 * ~ Student Name ||~ 3 Images Posted ||~ Captions for 3 images ||~ Notes from pages 87-95. ||
 * Fakey McExample || [[image:03_05.jpg width="190" height="239"]]

|| This image shows two different models of an atom. Both models contain a nucleus with electrons surrounding the nucleus, where positively charded particles called protons and neutral "charged" particles called neutrons can be found.

This image shows quartz crystals, which are made of silicon-oxygen tetrahedron joined in a 3-d network.

This chart shows the relative sizes and ionic charges of various cations and anions commonly found in minerals. || This is the place where you put all the cool things you learned about minerals after you read pages 87-95. Put main ideas, definitions, things you didn't know and things that you think are important things to know about minerals ||
 * Ariana Anclam || No images, no captions, no notes ||  ||   ||
 * Rita Baturin || [[image:mineral_classes.gif width="263" height="164"]]

|| This first picture shows an example of the mineral classes and the groups they are broken down into.

The second picture shows and example of the chain structures of the Silicates.

The third picture is an image of the plagioclase feldspar mineral. || = = - Most minerals, about 90%, that are made up of Earth's Crust are called //rock-forming minerals//. - //Economic Minerals// are the other minerals that are used to manufacture products. - Minerals are usually assigned a mineral class based on their anions or anion complexes. In these classes, they are broken down into groups based on similarities in atomic structures or compositions. - The most dominant mineral class are called **Silicates**. They make up more than 90% of Earth's crust. - The minerals that are less abundant than silicates are referred to **nonsilicates**. Although they are not as strong as silicates they are very important economically. They provide us with iron and aluminum to build vehicles and gypsum for plaster and drywall. - All of the silicate minerals have the same fundamental building block called the **silicon-oxygen tetrahedron**. - It is the linkage across the shared oxygen ions that join the tetrahedra into a chain structure. - Most silicate minerals form when molten rock cools and crystallizes. - The light silicates are generally light in color and have a specific gravity of about 2.7, which is less than dark silicates. - The dark silicates are minerals that contain ions of iron and magnesium in their structure. - The most common mineral group is the **Feldspar** and within this group are //potassium feldpsar// which contains potassium ions in its structure and the other is //plagioclase feldspar// which contains soidum and calcium ions. - //Muscovite// is a common member of a the mica family. - //Clay// is a term used to describe a variety of complex minerals that have a sheet structure. || ||
 * Jessica Berk || [[image:Silicon_Tetrahedron.jpg width="206" height="160"]]

No captions || -There are 400 named minerals, there are 30 to 50 are found each year that are new. There are only a few dozen that are abundant. Classifying Minerals -The term mineral species is used to try and classify minerals by Mineralogists. Then they are assigned to a mineral class based on their anion complexes. Then they are classified into groups or subclasses. For crystals, if they have the same composition, they are called polymorphs. From there they may be again divided into mineral varieties. -There are silicates, which account for more that 90% of earth’s crust. Then there are nonsilicates which not very common, but are important for the environment. Every silicate contains oxygen and silicon. They give many mineral categories. Ex: Hard quartz, soft talc, sheet-like mica, fibrous asbestos, green olivine, and blood-red garnet. __-Silicon Tetrahedron__ – fundamental building block that all silicate minerals have, consists of four oxygen anions, surrounding a small silicon cation, forming a tetrahedron (a pyramid shape w/ four identical features. __-Joining Silicate Structures__ – the framework of silicates have negative charges. As a result they form mineral groups. __-Light Silicates__ – light silicates have light colors and have a gravity of 2.7 which is less than dark silicates. __-Feldspar__ - can form under any type of temperature or pressure. __-Quartz__ – only silicate consisting of only silicon and oxygen. __-Muscovite__ – light in color with a pearly luster. __-Clay minerals__ – variety of complex minerals, have sheet structure, fine grained, most common is kaolinite. __-Dark Silicates__ – contain ions of iron &/or magnesium. __-Olivine__ – high temp. minerals that are black – olive green in color. __-Pyroxene__ – found in the mantle, most common is augite which is black with two directions of cleavage at a 90 degree angle. __-Amphibole__ – Hornblende is most common type, its dark green to black in color, very similar to augite except for cleavage. __-Biotite__ – good cleavage, similar to olivine. || || the first pic is of a rose quartz
 * Major Mineral Classes **
 * Kevork Boyadjian || No images, no captions, no notes ||  ||   ||
 * Cassidy Burns || [[image:quartzrose.jpg width="210" height="199"]]

the second pic is of a silicate structure

the 3rd is a dark silicate mineral || s a neutral compound through addition of positively charged ions. Joining silicate structures -Most silicate has negative charge -3 types single chain Double chain Sheet structure Common Silicate Minerals Feldspar is the most plentiful silicate group Light Silicates -  Light in color and have gravity of 2.7 Feldspar group -most common mineral group -Have 2 planes of cleavage that meet at right angles. -2 groups Contain potassium ions and is called potassium feldspar Plagioclase feldspar contains sodium and calcium ions that freely substitute for another. Quartz -only common silicate mineral consisting of silicon and oxygen Muscovite mica family light in color with pearly luster Clay minerals -variety complex minerals Dark Silicates -Also known as ferromagnesian -Contains iron ions iron content they appear darker || || 1st picture: shows the structures of silicate and the structures that the vast numbers of tetrahedron connect to form
 * Sumi Cha || [[image:figure-03-11-2.jpg width="224" height="211"]]

2nd picture: Zoisite- a mineral in the silicate class

3rd picture: Chart with the elements that make up the bulk of rock-forming minerals and that represent over 98% of the continental crust || * Mineral species are assigned to a mineral class based on their anions or anion complexes
 * Mineral classes are further divided into groups based on similarities in atomic structures or composition
 * Minerals having the same composition but different crystal structures are called polymorphs
 * Some mineral species are further subdivided into mineral varietiesThe most dominant mineral class is the silicates which account for more than 90% of Earth's crust
 * Nonsilicaties are not as common as the silicates but they do provide us with the iron and aluminum to build our automoblies, gypsum for plaster and drywall to construct our homes, and copper for wire to carr electricity and connect us to the Internet
 * All silicate minerals have the same fundamental building block, the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron which consists of four oxygen anions surrounding one comparatively small silicon cation, forming a tetrahedron- a pyramid shape with four identical faces
 * The reason for the great variety of silicate minerals is the ability of the silicate anion to link together in a variety of configurations. Vast numbers of tetrahedro connect to form single chains, double chains, or sheet structures. This phenomenon, called polymerization, is achieved by the sharing of oxygen atoms between adjacent tetrahedra
 * In single chains, the oxygen-to-silicon ratio is 3:1, and in three-dimensional frameworks this ratio is 2:1. As more of the oxygen ions are shared, the percentage of silicon in the structure increases
 * Nonsilicate minerals are typically subdivided into classes, based on the anion or complex anion that the members have in common
 * Stacey Cherukara || 
 * Stacey Cherukara || 



|| The First picture shows a group of non-silicate minerals.

This Picture shows a group of silicate minerals.

This last picture shows a diagram of the **Silicon- Oxygen Tetrahedron pyramid.** || * Rock forming minerals are the few dozen minerals that make up the earth’s crust. Cute images, but what do they have to do with minerals? Wrong images, no captions || || these three pictures are revolved around || Minerals classified - 4000 minerals named already but more and more are added each year. -some can be found very easily. - > make up most of earth’s crust -> They are called Rock forming Minerals -Economical minerals- other minerals used extensively in products that drive modern society Classifying Minerals -mineral species- collection of specimens that show same internal structures and chemical compositions -Mineral classes- based on anions -divided into groups (subclasses) broken down class -polymorphs- minerals that have same composition but different crystal structures -mineral varieties – further subdivided. Major Mineral Classes -8 elements make bulk of rock-forming minerals. ->Oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium. Silicates- most dominant mineral class ->Account for more than 90% of earth’s crust. ->Non silicon- provides us w/ iron and aluminum to build cars, things for our houses, and copper for wires. Silicon-Oxygen tetrahedron -are building blocks -consists of four oxygen anions surrounding one silicon cation. Independent Tetrahedra -becomes a neutral compound through addition of positively charged ions. Joining silicate structures -Most silicate has negative charge -3 types single chain Double chain Sheet structure Common Silicate Minerals Feldspar is the most plentiful silicate group Light Silicates -  Light in color and have gravity of 2.7 Feldspar group -most common mineral group -Have 2 planes of cleavage that meet at right angles. -2 groups 1) Contain potassium ions and is called potassium feldspar 2) Plagioclase feldspar contains sodium and calcium ions that freely substitute for another. Quartz -only common silicate mineral consisting of silicon and oxygen Muscovite -Member of mica family -light in color with pearly luster Clay minerals -variety of complex minerals Dark Silicates -Also called ferromagnesian -Contains iron ions Because of iron content they appear darker Olivine group || || This shows the silicon and oxygen structure. All silicate minerals have the same fundamental building block. It consists of 4 oxygen ions surrounding 1 small silicon ion. It shapes a pyramid shape.
 * Economic Minerals are minerals used a lot to manufacture products that make up our society.
 * Mineral species are a collection of specimens that show similar internal structures and chemical compositions.
 * Mineral class based on their anions or anion complexes, similar internal structures or properties.
 * Groups based on atomic structures or compositions.
 * Polymorphs- minerals having the same composition, but different crystal structures.
 * Eight elements make up the bulk of rock-forming minerals and represent 98% of the continental crust.
 * Silicon and oxygen are the most common elements in earth’s crust.
 * The most dominant mineral class is the **silicates** followed by the **nonsilicates**.
 * All silicate minerals have the same building block- **Silicon- Oxygen Tetrahedron**, consisting of four oxygen anions surrounding one small silicon cation, forming a tetrahedron, a pyramid shape with 4 identical faces.
 * **Light Silicates**- light in color and have a specific gravity of about 2.7.
 * **Dark Silicates**- minerals containing ions of iron and or magnesium in their structure. ||
 * Patrick Dymora || No images, no captions, no notes ||  ||   ||
 * Alex Elizalde || No images, no captions, no notes ||  ||   ||
 * Joana Espinoza || No images, no captions, no notes ||  ||   ||
 * John Carlos Garcia || No images, no captions, no notes ||  ||   ||
 * Eoanna Giannakopoulos || No images, no captions, no notes ||  ||   ||
 * Gil Laksmi
 * Megan Harford || No images, no captions, no notes ||  ||   ||
 * Eman Issaghi || [[image:image3.gif width="224" height="240"]]

This shows all the light silicates, that are generally light in color and have a small specific gravity.

This is a clay mienral, which is used to describe a variety of complex minerals. They are very fined grained and thier layerd structure and has week bonding. || notes= over 4000 minerals have been named, and 30-50 minerals are found each year. Economic minerals are mienrals that drive our society. mineral species are used for a coolection of specimens that exhibit similar structures and chemical composition. minerals are accosiated by thier mineral class based on anions. Then mineral classes are divided into groups based on similaraties in atomic stuctures. Polymorphs-minerals that have the same composition, but different crystals. mineral varieties are subdivisions for mineral species. Silicates-account for then then 90% of earths crust and is most dominant in the class. Silicon oxygen structure is a fundamentally building block of 4 oxygens ions and 1 silcon ion shaped in a pyramid form. Feldspar is the most common mineral group, and can form under wire range temperatures and pressures. Quartz is the only common silicate mineral consisting entirely of silicon and oxygen. 2 differnt types of feldspar;potassium feldspar, and plagioclase feldspar. Light silicates-light in colorand have a low specific gravity Clay is term used to describe a variety of complex minerlas, and are very fine grained,and can form thick bedrock. Dark silicates-mienrals containg ions of iron/magnesium inn thier strcutre. They are dark and have a greater specific gravity. Nonsilcate mienrals are typically subdivided into classes, based on anions. || || First picture shows a Silicon Oxygen Tetrahedron atom and its bonds.
 * Alfred Kachow || [[image:SiO_tetrahedron.JPG width="270" height="360"]]

Second Picture shows various rock forming minerals.

Third picture shows a Potash Feldspar, a member of the Feldspar group and a light silicate. || Rock-Forming Minerals - Make up most of the Earth's crust.

Mineral Species - A collection of specimens that exhibit similar internal structures and chemical compositions.

Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron - Fundamental building block for all silicate minerals.

Light Silicates - Generally light in color and a specific gravity of about 2.7, which is less than dark silicates.

Dark Silicates - Minerals containing ions of iron and or magnesium in their structure. || please fix the two pictures that do not show up to get back your missing 20pts. Please post them as JPEGS || 
 * Adriana Lukovic || No images, no captions, no notes ||  ||   ||
 * Ivan Marin || No images, no captions, no notes ||  ||   ||
 * Eric Mason || No images, no captions, no notes ||  ||   ||
 * Hardik Patel



|| An entire flat (as seen above) or dozens of flats. Pictured above is a nice flat of cerussite on barite with galena and calcite from Mexico.

Variety of different minerals. || Classifing Minerals. Minerals can be clasified by iit's physical properties.

Mineral classes Silicates; more tahn 90 percent of earth's crust

Nonsilicates: less abundundant.

Silicon-Oxygen Tetrahedon have fundamental building block, consists of oxygen anions surrounding one small silicon cation.

Independent Tetrahedra to become neutral compounds. there are 8 most abundant mineral in the continental crust. || || There are three types of silicate structures. These include single chains, double chains, and sheet structures.
 * Silviu Pavel || No images, no captions, no notes ||  ||   ||
 * Matt Perchess || [[image:111111111111111111111111111111111111.jpg width="216" height="269"]]

Minerals are placed into categories in much the same way as plants and animals are classified by biologists. They are classified by mineral species (physical and chemical characteristics)

There are light silicates and dark silicates. This is an example of a dark silicate. || How are minerals named and classified? Minerals are placed into categories in much the same way as plants and animals are classified by biologists. They are classified by mineral species (physical and chemical characteristics) Major Mineral Classes Include silicates, halides, oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, nitrates, sulfates, phosphates, native elements, sulfides. Mineral Species Include quarts, halite, corundum, gibbsite, calcite, nitrate, gypsum, apatite, copper, and pyrite. Joining Silicate Structures Partly covalent bonds between silicon and oxygen are stronger than the ionic bonds that hold one silicate framework to the next. There are three types of silicate structures. These include single chains, double chains, and sheet structures. There are light silicates and dark silicates (based on transparency) ||
 * Ryan Serpa || No images, no captions, no notes ||  ||   ||
 * Danny Ward || [[image:minerals.JPG width="367" height="235"]]



|| Different Minerals are show off to the left.

To the left is the mineral copper

An expanded view of the tetrahedron using rods to depict bonds that connect ions. ||  ||